Iran's initial Shahed-136 drones delivered to Russia starting in late 2022 were basic loitering munitions without AI, relying on pre-programmed GPS/INS guidance to fixed targets. They have since been significantly improved through iterative upgrades with AI, cameras, and anti-jamming tech. Russia upgraded these models with AI, and Iran has also increasingly started using AI
Initial capabilities (2022–early 2024)
- Used inertial navigation and GPS for waypoint-following to static targets; no cameras, AI, or live control.
- Vulnerable to GPS jamming, leading to inaccuracy or misses, but cheap and mass-produced.
- No onboard processing for target recognition—purely pre-planned strikes.
Key improvements over time
- 2023–2024: Added 4G modems, cameras for man-in-the-loop (MITL) control via cell networks, and CRPA antennas for jamming resistance.
- Mid-2025 onward: Integrated Nvidia Jetson AI processors, thermal cameras, and machine vision for autonomous target ID, heat-signature homing, and navigation in GPS-denied environments.?
- These upgrades (e.g., Shahed-136 MS variant) enable dynamic targeting, evasive manoeuvres, and higher strike rates even against moving frontline assets.
GuidanceGPS/INS onlyAI vision + anti-jam antennasTargetingFixed waypointsAutonomous recognitionControlNone (fire-and-forget)Optional live feed/MITLResilienceLow (jammable)High (cellular backup, AI reroute)