I haven't posted in a while. I had a few medical issues to deal with and have another appointment later today, as well as a head MRI tomorrow. So, I have a bit of catching up un this thread, by the look of things.
"Dec 04, 2019, 09:48
Ceradyne ... burning holes in our ozone layer? Who or what would you say is responsible for that?
[The entire hole in the ozone layer malarkey has been very quiet for a while now.
The Ozone Hole Was Super Scary, So What Happened To It?
When the ozone hole was discovered, it became a worldwide sensation. Thirty years later, what’s become of it?
It was the void that changed public perception of the environment forever—a growing spot so scary, it mobilized a generation of scientists and brought the world together to battle a threat to our atmosphere. But 30 years after its discovery, the ozone hole just doesn’t have the horror-story connotations it once did. How did the conversation change—and how bad is the ozone hole today?
To understand, you have to go back about 250 years. Scientists have been trying to study the invisible since the beginning of science, but the first real understanding of Earth's atmosphere came during the 1700s. In 1776, Antoine Lavoisier proved that oxygen was a chemical element, and it took its place as number eight on the periodic table. The scientific revolution that spurred on discoveries like Lavoisier’s also led to experiments with electricity, which produced to a stinky revelation: Passing electricity through oxygen produced a strange, slightly pungent smell.
In the 1830s, Christian Friedrich Schönbein coined the term “ozone” for the odor, riffing off the Greek word ozein, which means “to smell.” Eventually, ozone was discovered to be a gas made from three oxygen atoms. Scientists began to speculate that it was a critical component of the atmosphere and even that it was able to absorb the sun’s rays.
A pair of French scientists named Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson used an interferometer to make the most accurate measurements ever of ozone in the atmosphere in 1913. They discovered that ozone collects in a layer in the stratosphere, roughly 12 to 18 miles above the surface, and absorbs ultraviolet light.
Because it blocks some radiation from reaching Earth's surface, ozone provides critical protection from the sun's scorching rays. If there were no ozone in the atmosphere, writes NASA, “the Sun's intense UV rays would sterilize the Earth's surface.” Over the years, scientists learned that the layer is extremely thin, that it varies over the course of days and seasons and that it has different concentrations over different areas.
Even as researchers began to study ozone levels over time, they started to think about whether it was capable of being depleted. By the 1970s, they were asking how emissions from things like supersonic aircraft and the space shuttle, which emitted exhaust directly into the stratosphere, might affect the gases at that altitude.
But it turned out that contrails weren’t the ozone layer’s worst enemy—the real danger was contained in things like bottles of hairspray and cans of shaving cream. In 1974, a landmark paper showed that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in spray bottles destroy atmospheric ozone. The discovery earned Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland a Nobel Prize, and all eyes turned to the invisible layer surrounding Earth.
But what they found shocked even scientists who were convinced that CFCs deplete ozone. Richard Farman, an atmospheric scientist who had been collecting data in Antarctica annually for decades, thought his instruments were broken when they began to show drastic drops in ozone over the continent. They weren’t: The ozone layer had been damaged more than scientists could have imagined before Farman discovered the hole.
As word of the ozone hole leaked through the media, it became nothing short of a worldwide sensation. Scientists scrambled to understand the chemical processes behind the hole as the public expressed fear for scientists’ wellbeing at the South Pole, assuming that while studying the hole they would be exposed to UV rays that could render them blind and horrifically sunburned.
Rumors of blind sheep—the increased radiation was thought to cause cataracts—and increased skin cancer stoked public fears. “It’s like AIDS from the sky,” a terrified environmentalist told Newsweek’s staff. Fueled in part by fears of the ozone hole worsening, 24 nations signed the Montreal Protocol limiting the use of CFCs in 1987.
These days, scientists understand a lot more about the ozone hole. They know that it’s a seasonal phenomenon that forms during Antarctica’s spring, when weather heats up and reactions between CFCs and ozone increase. As weather cools during Antarctic winter, the hole gradually recovers until next year. And the Antarctic ozone hole isn’t alone. A “mini-hole” was spotted over Tibet in 2003, and in 2005 scientists confirmed thinning over the Arctic so drastic it could be considered a hole.
Each year during ozone hole season, scientists from around the world track the depletion of the ozone above Antarctica using balloons, satellites and computer models. They have found that the ozone hole is actually getting smaller: Scientists estimate that if the Montreal Protocol had never been implemented, the hole would have grown by 40 percent by 2013. Instead, the hole is expected to completely heal by 2050.
Since the hole opens and closes and is subject to annual variances, air flow patterns and other atmospheric dynamics, it can be hard to keep in the public consciousness.
Bryan Johnson is a research chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration who helps monitor the ozone hole from year to year. He says public concern about the environment has shifted away from the hole to the ways in which carbon dioxide affects the environment. “There are three phases to atmospheric concerns,” he says. “First there was acid rain. Then it was the ozone hole. Now it’s greenhouse gases like CO2.”
It makes sense that as CFCs phase out of the atmosphere—a process that can take 50 to 100 years—concerns about their environmental impacts do, too. But there’s a downside to the hole’s lower profile: The success story could make the public more complacent about other atmospheric emergencies, like climate change.
It was the fear about ozone depletion that mobilized one of the biggest environmental protection victories in recent memory. But while it’s easy to see why blind sheep are bad, gradual changes like those associated with CO2 emissions are harder to quantify (and fear). Also, the public may assume that since the issue of the ozone hole was “fixed” so quickly, it will be just as easy to address the much more complex, slow-moving problem of climate change.
Still, researchers like Johnson see the world’s mobilization around the ozone hole as a beacon of hope in a sometimes bleak climate for science. “The ozone hole is getting better, and it will get better,” says Johnson. It’s not every day a scientific horror story has a happy ending.
Has it happened before ... naturally? Has the harshness of the Sun not increased since it's demise?
[The way I understand it the "harshness" of the sun has a lot to do with the protection provided by the ozone layer and the "hole in the ozone layer is mainly over the Antarctic. I am not claiming to be an expert but I have been learning a bit about the effects of the harshness of the sun in the last few months due to some personal circumstances.]
Would you say that the mass deforestation we've seen over the last 50 ears has by no means contributed to what we see now ... and that it's ok to keep going with this?
[I have in no way denied that either there are changes in the climate and weather patterns or that man has an influence on it. I am questioning the degree of man's influence on it. You do know that more than half of earth's oxygen is not produced onland, don't you?]
How about burning millions of tons of fossil fuels ... like coal. Are you saying that it's had no effect at all. Pumping vast amounts of pollutants into our atmosphere doesn't come at a cost?
[Once again, I have never denied it. I just do not agree with the degree of the influence. What I am saying is that I believe that scientists manipulate and exaggerated and often have to backtrack to save face when the flaws in their "findings" are exposed.
Recently the lefties have been punting this religion that diesel and petrol cars are responsible for 40,000 unnecessary deaths per year in the UK. They go silent every time an interviewer confronts them with the truth, but you can bet your bottom dollar that the very next time they are on a different forum, they will try to peddle the BS again, and they do, time and again.
The truth is that it was found that 40,000 people die due to probable pollution related diseases and studies have found that petrol and diesel cars contribute less than 1%, IIRC, to those deaths. There are other way, way more serious contributors. Truth is that politicians and scientists are punting the BS for monetary reasons. Sadiq Kahn has been using it to milk the car drivers to the last drop, using the scare mongering. It cost more than £21 (R400+) per day now, in charges alone, for many cars, and even more for commercial vehicles, in central London. All cars pay something like 11 quid in any case and some have an additional charge to bring it to around £21 in total. His latest proposal is to lower the speed limit on all roads in London to 20mph. The average speed in London is less than 10mph as it is. So, it is just another political stunt.
In any case, to get back to the air pollution and 40,000 deaths. removing petrol and diesel cars from the roads will have very very little effect, apart from the fact that the public transport cannot cope with current demand, HTF are the going to cope when all vehicles are removed as well? And then, for the most important part...... The most serious pollution is not from petrol and diesel fumes. Almost every house has gas central heating. There are gas stoves in a hell of a lot of houses, probably half of houses. A major source of air pollution also comes from air traffic. Then we have the ferries with big diesel engines crossing the English channel. Dust coming from disc brake pads, which all electric cars use as well, is another contributor. All of those are contributors of 40,000 deaths due to probable air polluted deaths, out of a population of 67m (0.06%).
What is more, a number that hardly ever receives any mention at all, nothing, nada, is the 17,000 that die in the UK every year due to the cold. Why? Could it be because the MSM has no solution and doesn't mention it, neither do the politicians and admitting that they have no solution might hurt them at the ballot box? The scientist has also not come up with anything yet and therefore has no leverage to extort more money for "research".]
Surely not? "